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This study finds that making preschool compulsory in Mexico improved Grade 5 test scores but widened disparities between marginalized localities, highlighting the need for targeted policies and the importance of high-quality early childhood education for long-term academic success.

Mandatory preschool in Mexico significantly increased preschool attendance, boosted cognitive and noncognitive skills, improved student engagement, reduced failure rates, and enhanced long-term educational outcomes.

Integrating healthcare into Mexico's Progresa program boosted clinic visits and preventive care but also led to increased congestion and reduced care quality, highlighting trade-offs in policy implementation.

RICARDO GÓMEZ-CARRERA

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